The following are documents which have contributed to the shaping of African American history. These documents are a starting point for additional research and discussions that help further our understanding of the history of people of African ancestry in the United States.
We are a collective of Black feminists who have been meeting together since 1974. [1] During that time we have been involved in the process of defining and clarifying our politics, while at the same time doing political work within our own group and in … Read MoreThe Combahee River Collective Statement (1977)
Title A Constitutional amendment to prohibit the state from discriminating against, or granting preferential treatment to any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in public employment, public education or public contracting; to apply the amendment only to … Read MoreNebraska Civil Rights Initiative 424 (2008)
Title A Constitutional amendment to prohibit the state from discriminating against, or granting preferential treatment to any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in public employment, public education or public contracting; to apply the amendment only to … Read MoreNebraska Civil Rights Initiative 424 (2008)
No. 85-999 Argued: November 12, 1986 — Decided: February 25, 1987 JUSTICE BRENNAN announced the judgment of the Court and delivered an opinion in which JUSTICE MARSHALL, JUSTICE BLACKMUN, and JUSTICE POWELL join. The question we must decide is whether relief awarded in this case, … Read MoreUnited States v. Paradise (1987)
WHEREAS discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States; and 13 CFR 1960 Supp. WHEREAS it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal … Read MoreJohn Kennedy’s Executive Order 10925 (1961)
No. 02-241. Argued April 1, 2003–Decided June 23, 2003 The University of Michigan Law School (Law School), one of the Nation’s top law schools, follows an official admissions policy that seeks to achieve student body diversity through compliance with Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. … Read MoreGrutter v. Bollinger et al (2003)
No. 02-516. Argued April 1, 2003–Decided June 23, 2003 Petitioners Gratz and Hamacher, both of whom are Michigan residents and Caucasian, applied for admission to the University of Michigan’s (University) College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LSA) in 1995 and 1997, respectively. Although the … Read MoreGratz et al v. Bollinger et al (2003)
No. 93-1841. Argued January 17, 1995 Decided June 12, 1995 Most federal agency contracts must contain a subcontractor compensation clause, which gives a prime contractor a financial incentive to hire subcontractors certified as small businesses controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals, and requires the … Read MoreAdarand Constructors, Inc., v. Pena (1995)
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 87-998. Argued October 5, 1988 Decided January 23, 1989 Appellant city adopted a Minority Business Utilization Plan (Plan) requiring prime contractors awarded city construction contracts to subcontract at least 30% of the … Read MoreCity of Richmond v. Croson Co. (1989)
March 26, 2003, Argued June 26, 2003, Decided LAWRENCE et al. v. TEXAS CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TEXAS, FOURTEENTH DISTRICT Responding to a reported weapons disturbance in a private residence, Houston police entered petitioner Lawrence’s apartment and saw him and another adult … Read MoreLawrence v. Texas (2003)