Madame Sul-Te-Wan (1873-1959)

January 22, 2007 
/ Contributed By: Shirley Ann Wilson Moore

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Madame Sul-Te_Wan

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Madame Sul-Te-Wan was born on September 12, 1873 as Nellie Conley in Louisville, Kentucky where her widowed mother worked as a laundress.  Madame Sul-Te-Wan was a pioneering stage and film actress who became one of the most prominent black performers in Hollywood during the silent film era.  Her career spanned more than seventy years and she is best known as the first African American actress contracted to appear in D.W. Griffith’s groundbreaking and racist cinematic epic, Birth of a Nation (1915).

Madame Sul-Te-Wan’s interest in performing was awakened when she delivered laundry to Louisville’s Buckingham Theater where the white actresses who were her mother’s customers often invited young Nellie in to watch the shows.  Two white actresses, Mary Anderson and Fanny Davenport, wrangled an audition for her at a talent contest at the Buckingham which the youngster won.  Moving to Cincinnati, Ohio with her mother, Madame Sul-Te-Wan worked in dance troupes and theater companies throughout the East and Midwest billed as “Creole Nell.” She later formed her own musical performing company, The Black Four Hundred. She reconstituted the group as the Rair Back Minstrels and toured the East Coast to great acclaim.

Madame Sul-Te-Wan married in 1910, gave birth to three sons, and moved her family to Arcadia, California where she hoped to break into California’s burgeoning film industry.  Within two years of arriving in California, her husband deserted the family, leaving them destitute.  Madame Sul-Te-Wan accepted charitable assistance and worked as a domestic in between stints as a singer and dancer in Southern California.  In 1915, on learning that D.W. Griffith, a native of her hometown, was making a movie about the antebellum South and Reconstruction, the actress personally plead her case to the filmmaker and won a part in the cast of Birth of a Nation.  Most of her role however, like that of the other black actors in the film, was deleted from the final cut.  When the film was complete, Madam Sul-Te-Wan was discharged from Griffiths’ film company for “allegedly stealing a book from a white actress and inciting blacks to protest the film’s showing in the Los Angeles area.”  Hiring prominent African American attorney E. Burton Ceruti, she successfully defended herself against the charges and was reinstated in the company.  She continued to work in film until her death at the Motion Picture Country Home in Woodland Hills on February 1, 1959.

About the Author

Author Profile

Shirley Ann Wilson Moore received her Ph.D. in American history from the University of California, Berkeley in 1989. She is Professor Emerita of History at California State University, Sacramento where she taught undergraduate and graduate classes and seminars in American History, specializing in African American history, African American Western history, and the history of African American Western women. Her most recent book, Sweet Freedom’s Plains African Americans on the Overland Trails, 1841-1869 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2016), won the 2018 Barbara Sudler Award for best non-fiction work on a western American subject authored by a woman. Her first book, To Place Our Deeds: The African American Community in Richmond, California, 1910-1963 (University of California Press, 2000), was the recipient of the Richmond Museum’s Historical Preservation Award, 2000. Her second book, co-edited with Quintard Taylor, African American Women Confront the West, 1600-2000 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2003), received the American Library Association’s CHOICE Award in 2004.

She is the author of numerous journal articles, essays, and book chapters including: “Anonymous Black Gold Seeker at Auburn Ravine, 1852,” Bulletin, California State Library, no. 128, November 2020;” “Passing,” Afterword to Robert Chandler’s Black and White: Lithographer and Painter Grafton Tyler Brown, (University of Oklahoma Press, 2014); “‘I Want It to Come Out Right,’” Forward to Rudolph M. Lapp’s Archy Lee: A California Fugitive Slave Case (Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2008); ”No Cold Weather to Grapple With: African American Expectations of California, 1900-1950,” Journal of the West, vol. 44, no. 2, Spring 2005; “‘We Feel the Want of Protection: The Politics of Law and Race in California, 1848-1878,’” Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government and Law in Pioneer California,” John F. Burns and Richard J. Orsi, ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press and the California Historical Society, 2003); “‘Your Life is Really Not Just Your Own’: African American Women in Twentieth Century California,” Seeking El Dorado; African Americans in California, 1769-1997, Lawrence De Graaf, Kevin Mulroy & Quintard Taylor, ed. (Los Angeles: Autry Museum and Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001); “‘Do You Think I’ll Lug Trunks?’” African Americans in Gold Rush California,” Kenneth Owens, ed., Riches for All: The California Gold Rush and the World, (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002).

She has served on advisory boards, boards of trustees, and professional committees including: Liberty Legacy Foundation Award Committee, Organization of American History (Chair, 2011-2012); Advisor, National Park Service Rosie the Riveter/Home Front Project (2004-2013); Caughy Prize Committee, Western History Association; Black Overland Trails Wagon Project (2009-2012); Billington Award Committee, Western History Association,(1999-2002); Joan Jensen-Darlis Miller Prize Committee, Western History Association (2000-2001); California Historical Society Board of Trustees(1990-1995); California Council for the Humanities (1996-1999).

Dr. Moore has served as a consultant and on-camera historian for documentary films including “African American Motoring: The Green Book,” Donner Memorial State Park, Laurence Campling, Producer/Director, 2017; “Rosie the Riveter WWII Homefront National Historical Park,” (National Park Service), 2012; “Rising Above: Building the Indomitable City,” Laurence Campling, Producer/Director, (in partnership with the Center for Sacramento History and Historic Old Sacramento Foundation), 2011; “Meet Mary Ellen Pleasant: Mother of Civil Rights in California.” (Susheel Bibbs, Producer/Director, MEP Productions, broadcast on PBS), 2008; Disney Corporation, California Adventure Theme Park and “Golden Dreams” film (2000).

CITE THIS ENTRY IN APA FORMAT:

Moore, S. (2007, January 22). Madame Sul-Te-Wan (1873-1959). BlackPast.org. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/sul-te-wan-madame-nellie-conley-1873-1959/

Source of the Author's Information:

Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, “Your Life is Really Not Just Your Own,” in Lawrence B. De Graaf, Kevin Mulroy, and Quintard Taylor (eds.), Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California  (Los Angeles: Autry Museum of Western Heritage and Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001).

Further Reading